无源蓄冷控温运输箱设计与试验

针对蓄冷运输箱信息化程度低、控温时间短、控温困难等问题,设计了一款集控温、远程监控、定位、故障诊断等功能于一体的蓄冷运输箱。以脐橙为试验对象,结合能耗模型,对蓄冷控温箱控温性能进行了研究。结果表明,箱内各截面温度不均匀系数分别为0.38、0.47、0.78,温度极差最大值为2.8℃,均匀性较好;当蓄冷剂用量为180 kg,预冷脐橙660 kg,在外部环境平均温度26.39℃的条件下,总控温时长为122 h,风机共执行控温21次,且随着蓄冷量减少,风机开启控温所用时间呈指数上升趋势,决定系数不小于0.928 0;结合能耗模型分析得出,该箱体在广州夏季高温环境下可控温5 d以上,能够满足远距离运输要求。     

垂直轴风力机翼型涡流噪声的数值分析

为了了解垂直轴风力机翼型涡流噪声特性,以LUT翼型为研究对象,首先利用Fluent进行流场分析,流场计算选用DES湍流模型,再结合Lighthill声类比方法计算翼型周围声场,将数值模拟计算得到的气动特性相关数据与该翼型的风洞试验结果作对比分析,同时分析了不同攻角对该翼型气动噪声特性的影响,最后研究了在攻角为8°时不同雷诺数对该翼型的声压级指向性特征影响.结果表明:数值计算所得气动数据与风动试验数据拟合良好,建立的仿真模型、网格质量和边界条件合理有效;随攻角增加,翼型涡脱落从尾缘向前缘推进,同时涡流脱落强度增大,气动噪声增强;随着雷诺数的增加,翼型四周声压级先增加后减小;雷诺数与声压级关联较大,控制叶片雷诺数有助于降低叶片噪声,为该翼型适用于低噪声垂直轴叶片提供理论基础.     

油茶内生拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及防效

为筛选出对油茶炭疽菌有拮抗效果的生防菌株，以油茶健康叶为对象，平板对峙法筛选，利用形态和生理生化特征以及16S rDNA基因和gyrA基因序列对菌株进行鉴定，测定其抑菌活性，并将该菌株与枯草芽胞杆菌Y13复配进行林间防效试验。结果表明，对油茶炭疽病菌拮抗作用效果较强的内生菌株为HBMC—B05；菌落为乳白色，不透明，边缘不整齐，中间有凸起；分子鉴定结果显示菌株HBMC—B05为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis，其对果生炭疽菌Collectotrichum fructicola，抑菌率可达到81.31%，对另外3种油茶炭疽病病原菌抑菌率可达到70%以上，对其他4种致病菌也有抑制作用；复合菌剂对油茶病害的田间防治效果达到59%以上。该菌株的抑菌具有广谱性，可为油茶病害的生物防治扩充菌种资源，具有广泛的应用前景。     

Cotton Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on Fusion Method of Markov Random Field and Quantum Particle Swarm Cluster

[Objective] The aim of this study was to improve the cotton image segmentation accuracy in a picking robot image processing system. [Method] An image segmentation algorithm based on a fusion method of Markov random field and quantum particle swarm optimization clustering was proposed. The process of the proposed algorithm is as follows: first, transform the RGB (red, green, blue) images into grayscale; second, use it to segment these images; finally, the threshold of the connected area is set on the basis of the segmented image to obtain the target area. Then, the cotton front image and the cotton side image are selected from the images collected from different angles. The segmentation experiment was carried out by using this algorithm, and compared with the Otsu algorithm, the fuzzy C-means algorithm, the quantum particle swarm image segmentation algorithm and the Markov random field image segmentation algorithm. [Result] The results showed that the segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm were 98.94% and 77.48 dB. When compared with the Otsu algorithm, fuzzy C-means algorithm, quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm and Markov random field algorithm, the average segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm increased by 2.47%–4.56%, and 9.81–13.11 dB, respectively. [Conclusion] The proposed algorithm had higher segmentation accuracy and higher peak signal to noise ratio than the other algorithms tested.     

脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响

【目的】本研究旨在阐明脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)和硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响,探讨抑制剂提高稻谷产量以及氮肥利用率的机理。【方法】本试验设在我国南方红壤稻田,共5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI);脲酶抑制剂采用N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂采用3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)。在水稻分蘖期和孕穗期测定土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量以及微生物碳、氮的含量,分析NBPT与DMPP对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率,通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP在稻田的增效机理。【结果】1)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施均显著提高稻谷产量与地上部氮素回收率,两个处理分别增产6.56%与8.24%,氮素回收率提高幅度为19.4%与23.7%。2)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施,显著降低水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,所有处理对两个时期的硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物量碳、氮含量均无显著影响;因此,NBPT对于抑制脲酶活性以及提高铵态氮含量的作用主要在孕穗期之前,而单施DMPP没有显著效应。3)从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无显著影响。【结论】脲酶抑制剂NBPT以及NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP配施显著提高孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,显著提高稻谷产量以及地上部氮素回收率,证明了生产上氮肥后移的重要意义。     

幼龄期压砂地枸杞产量和品质多指标耦合灌溉制度优化

为提高宁夏中部干旱带幼龄期压砂地枸杞灌水效率,保障枸杞产量和品质,进行了3水平灌水定额(300、225 m~3·hm~(-2)和150 m~3·hm~(-2))的田间对比试验,采用综合指标增量最优方法对灌溉制度进行了优化。研究发现:枸杞5月上旬萌芽期耗水以土壤蒸发为主,日耗水量0.6～1.2 mm,6月中旬进入夏果花期耗水量增大,日耗水量2.5～3.7 mm,7月中旬枸杞夏果期耗水量继续增大,达2.4～4.3 mm,7月下旬日耗水量最大,为3.2～4.7 mm,8月中旬耗水量下降,日耗水量3.0～4.2 mm。灌水定额对枸杞产量影响显著(P0.05),灌水定额300 m~3·hm~(-2)时产量最高,为1 402.65 kg·hm~(-2);灌水定额225 m~3·hm~(-2)时枸杞多糖、β-胡萝卜素和黄酮较高,含量分别为4.56%、0.15%和0.41%;灌水定额150 m~3·hm~(-2)时枸杞甜菜碱含量较高,为0.77%。进一步通过综合指标增量最优方法进行优化,结果表明β-胡萝卜素含量最高时得到综合指标增量最大,为-5.4%,总耗水量为450 mm。枸杞夏果花期进入需水关键期,阶段耗水量达70 mm以上,进入6月中旬枸杞需水量增大,旬耗水量达29 mm以上。可见,幼龄期压砂地枸杞产量及品质指标均达到最优的耗水量较难获得,但是在β-胡萝卜素含量最高时可以获得产量和品质多指标耦合的最优耗水量,据此进行灌溉制度优化,可以一定程度上实现幼龄期压砂地枸杞优质高产。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

无公害蔬菜种植技术及病虫害防治措施分析

本文主要围绕无公害蔬菜种植技术及病虫害防治措施展开分析和论述，首先介绍无公害蔬 菜的种植，然后分析无公害蔬菜的相关种植技术，最后提出无公害蔬菜在种植过程当中一些病虫害防 治的措施。     

除草剂减量施用对麦田杂草的防治效果及对叶绿素SPAD值的影响

探讨除草剂减施对麦田杂草的防治效果,以及对小麦生长过程中叶绿素SPAD值变化的影响。结果表明,药后45 d,10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)、10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2+5%(唑啉草酯+炔草酯)EC 30.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)、7%双氟·炔草酯OD 63.00 g/hm~2处理(减施25.00%)和28%唑草·苯磺隆WP 16.80 g/hm~2处理(减施33.33%)对麦田阔叶杂草的鲜质量防效分别为98.64%、98.99%、98.54%和98.68%,表明除草剂减量施用对麦田杂草仍具有较好的防效。施用除草剂后,小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值呈现先下降再上升的趋势。药后3 d、5 d、7 d,28%唑草·苯磺隆WP 33.60 g/hm~2处理(增施33.33%)小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值显著低于7%双氟·炔草酯OD 63.00 g/hm~2处理(减施25.00%)、10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)和空白对照(CK)的叶绿素SPAD值,低于其他处理的叶绿素SPAD值。     

中国稻田生态系统服务净价值评估

使用当量因子法和数量模型核算了2007—2016年中国稻田生态系统服务净价值。结果显示:1)2016年中国稻田生态系统提供服务价值为1.344×10~(12)元,服务成本为0.144×10~(12)元,服务净价值为1.2×10~(12)元,平均生态服务净价值为3 977元/hm~2;2)2007—2016年,中国稻田生态系统服务净价值总体呈上升趋势,中东部地区稻田生态系统服务净价值较高,西北地区较低;3)稻田受化肥和农药污染较严重的省份为安徽。研究结论为制定精准的生态补偿机制提供了可靠的参考数据。各省应响应"农业节肥节药"政策,参照稻田生态成本比例有针对性地进行农村污染治理和生态环境保护工作。